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alpha-Aryloxybenzyl analogues of morpholine are a significant class of compounds because of their influence on the central nervous system (CNS), with particular concentration on their antidepressant potency. (+/-)-Reboxetine, an e...
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alpha-Aryloxybenzyl analogues of morpholine are a significant class of compounds because of their influence on the central nervous system (CNS), with particular concentration on their antidepressant potency. (+/-)-Reboxetine, an example of such alpha-aryloxybenzyl analogues, is an orally active and selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is presently recognized as a prescription drug in over 60 countries for depressive sickness and has been spaciously studied for its pharmacological characteristics. (+)-(S,S)-Reboxetine is presently undergoing advanced clinical evaluation as a potential treatment for neuropathic and fibromyalgia pain. Scheming well-organized approaches to access reboxetine and its derivatives represents a significant endeavor not only for developing antidepressant drugs but also advancing medical studies by radiolabeling of reboxetine derivatives with C-11, F-18 or I-123 as potential positron emission tomography radioligands for imaging the brain norepinephrine transporter system. Therefore, to fulfill the challenge of creating the reboxetine architecture by improved synthetic routes, the review combines all of the literature synthetic processes for reboxetine and its derivatives on one platform. Cons and pros of each synthetic method are discussed in this review, which will be very fruitful for the synthetic and medical communities to increase the diversity of synthetic procedures and to develop new concepts and perceptions.
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One of important issues in wireless sensor networks is how to effectively use the limited node energy to prolong the lifetime of the networks. Clustering is a promising approach in wireless sensor networks, which can increase the ...
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One of important issues in wireless sensor networks is how to effectively use the limited node energy to prolong the lifetime of the networks. Clustering is a promising approach in wireless sensor networks, which can increase the network lifetime and scalability. However, in existing clustering algorithms, too heavy burden of cluster heads may lead to rapid death of the sensor nodes. The location of function nodes and the number of the neighbor nodes are also not carefully considered during clustering. In this paper, a multi-factor and distributed clustering routing protocol MFDCRP based on communication nodes is proposed by combining cluster-based routing protocol and multi-hop transmission. Communication nodes are introduced to relay the multi-hop transmission and elect cluster heads in order to ease the overload of cluster heads. The protocol optimizes the election of cluster nodes by combining various factors such as the residual energy of nodes, the distance between cluster heads and the base station, and the number of the neighbor nodes. The local optimal path construction algorithm for multi-hop transmission is also improved. Simulation results show that MFDCRP can effectively save the energy of sensor nodes, balance the network energy distribution, and greatly prolong the network lifetime, compared with the existing protocols.
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Doublesex (Dsx) is a polymorphic transcription factor of the DMRTs family, which is involved in male sex trait development and controls sexual dimorphism at different developmental stages in arthropods. However, the transcriptiona...
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Doublesex (Dsx) is a polymorphic transcription factor of the DMRTs family, which is involved in male sex trait development and controls sexual dimorphism at different developmental stages in arthropods. However, the transcriptional regulation of the Dsx gene is largely unknown in decapods. In this study, we reported the cDNA sequence of PmDsx in Penaeus monodon, which encodes a 257 amino acid polypeptide. It shared many similarities with Dsx homologs and has a close relationship in the phylogeny of different species. We demonstrated that the expression of the male sex differentiation gene Dsx was predominantly expressed in the P. monodon testis, and that PmDsx dsRNA injection significantly decreased the expression of the insulin-like androgenic gland hormone (IAG) and male sex-determining gene while increasing the expression of the female sex-determining gene. We also identified a 5′-flanking region of PmIAG that had two potential cis-regulatory elements (CREs) for the PmDsx transcription. Further, the dual-luciferase reporter analysis and truncated mutagenesis revealed that PmDsx overexpression significantly promoted the transcriptional activity of the PmIAG promoter via a specific CRE. These results suggest that PmDsx is engaged in male reproductive development and positively regulates the transcription of the PmIAG by specifically binding upstream of the promoter of the PmIAG. It provides a theoretical basis for exploring the sexual regulation pathway and evolutionary dynamics of Dmrt family genes in P. monodon.
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To investigate the effect of oleanolic acid (OA) on the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) induced by A beta(25-35) via regulating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, a neurotoxicity cell model involving the induction of NSCs...
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To investigate the effect of oleanolic acid (OA) on the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) induced by A beta(25-35) via regulating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, a neurotoxicity cell model involving the induction of NSCs by soluble A beta(25-35) (5 mu M) was used. The WST-1 method and immunofluorescence tests were used respectively to detect the activity of cell model and the expression of GFAP(+)/DAPI and Tubulin(+)/DAPI. Western blotting and real-time PCR analyses were used to observe the effects of OA on NSCs differentiation by examining key targets of the JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway. Compared with normal NSCs, A beta(25-35)-induced NSCs had down-regulated expression of Ngn1 and up-regulated STAT3 expression and phosphorylation, and inhibited neuronal differentiation. OA treatment effectively inhibited the A beta(25-35)-induced activation of JAK/ STAT signaling, with a significant increase in Ngn1 expression and a significant decrease in p-STAT3/STAT3. These results indicate that OA could inhibit the excessive differentiation of NSCs into astrocytes by down-regulating JAK/STAT signaling which might retard the progress of AD.
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BACKGROUND:Bladder cancer (BC) is among the most frequent cancers globally. Although substantial efforts have been put to understand its pathogenesis, its underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated.METHODS:The ...
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BACKGROUND:Bladder cancer (BC) is among the most frequent cancers globally. Although substantial efforts have been put to understand its pathogenesis, its underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated.METHODS:The robust rank aggregation approach was adopted to integrate 4 eligible bladder urothelial carcinoma microarray datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus. Differentially expressed gene sets were identified between tumor samples and equivalent healthy samples. We constructed gene co-expression networks using weighted gene co-expression network to explore the alleged relationship between BC clinical characteristics and gene sets, as well as to identify hub genes. We also incorporated the weighted gene co-expression network and robust rank aggregation to screen differentially expressed genes.RESULTS:CDH11, COL6A3, EDNRA, and SERPINF1 were selected from the key module and validated. Based on the results, significant downregulation of the hub genes occurred during the early stages of BC. Moreover, receiver operating characteristics curves and Kaplan-Meier plots showed that the genes exhibited favorable diagnostic and prognostic value for BC. Based on gene set enrichment analysis for single hub gene, all the genes were closely linked to BC cell proliferation.CONCLUSIONS:These results offer unique insight into the pathogenesis of BC and recognize CDH11, COL6A3, EDNRA, and SERPINF1 as potential biomarkers with diagnostic and prognostic roles in BC.Copyright ? 2022 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
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Temperature is an important environmental factor in the living environment of crustaceans. Changes in temperature can affect their normal growth and metabolism and even cause bacterial disease. Currently, the potential anti-revers...
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Temperature is an important environmental factor in the living environment of crustaceans. Changes in temperature can affect their normal growth and metabolism and even cause bacterial disease. Currently, the potential anti-reverse molecular reaction mechanism of crustaceans during high-temperature conditions has not yet been fully understood. Therefore, in this study, we characterised the transcriptome of Procambarus clarkii using RNA sequencing and performed a comparison between super-high-temperature treated samples and controls. After assembly and annotation, 81,097 unigenes with an average length of 069 bp and 358 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Among these DEGs, 264 were differentially upregulated and 94 were differentially downregulated. To obtain comprehensive gene function information, we queried seven databases, namely, Nr, Nt, Pfam, KOG, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, and GO to annotate gene functions. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the identified DEGs have significant effects on immune-related pathways, including lysosomal and phagosomal pathways, and that super-high-temperature conditions can cause disease in P. clarkii. Some significantly downregulated genes are involved in oxidative phosphorylation and the PPAR signalling pathway; this suggests a metabolic imbalance in P. clarkia during extreme temperature conditions. In addition, elevated temperature changed the expression patterns of key apoptosis genes XIAP, CASP2, CASP2, CASP8, and CYTC, thereby confirming that high-temperature conditions caused immune disorders, metabolic imbalance, and, finally, triggered apoptosis. Our results provide a useful foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of P. clarkii during high-temperature conditions.
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Na and S co-doped g-C3N4 nanotubes (NaxSCNNTs) were synthesized via thermal polymerization using NaHCO3 and thiourea as Na and S source, respectively. The co-doping of Na and S in g-C3N4 nanotubes was verified by FTIR, SEM element...
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Na and S co-doped g-C3N4 nanotubes (NaxSCNNTs) were synthesized via thermal polymerization using NaHCO3 and thiourea as Na and S source, respectively. The co-doping of Na and S in g-C3N4 nanotubes was verified by FTIR, SEM elemental mapping and XPS measurements. After loading Pt, the optimal Na0.1SCNNT produced H-2 at a rate of 173.7 mu mol h(-1), which is 1.76 times and 14 times of that of Na0SCNNT and bulk g-C3N4, respectively. Moreover, the performance of Na0.1SCNNT was increased by 50% after replacing Pt with PtCo. The apparent quantum efficiency of Na0.1SCNNT/Pt and Na0.1SCNNT/PtCo were 6.7% and 10.2% at lambda = 420 nm, respectively. Na0.1SCNNT also displayed the best photocatalytic activity for both p-chlorophenol and rhodamine B degradation, which are 3.1 and 3.4 times of that of bulk g-C3N4, respectively. Cyclic photocatalytic experiments demonstrated the high stability of Na0.1SCNNT. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of Na0.1SCNNT is resulted from the large specific surface area, narrowed bandgap, enhanced visible light absorption, and down-shifted valance band, which are supported by steady-state PL spectra and time-resolved transient PL decay, as well as photoelectrochemical analysis. Finally, the possible photocatalytic mechanisms for H-2 production, and degradation of rhodamine B and p-chlorophenol are proposed. (C) 2019 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Incorporating aromatics into g-C3N4 is an effective strategy to extend electron delocalization. A novel intramolecular donor-acceptor conjugated g-C3N4 was synthesized via thermal copolymerization of urea and tris(p-fluorophenyl)p...
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Incorporating aromatics into g-C3N4 is an effective strategy to extend electron delocalization. A novel intramolecular donor-acceptor conjugated g-C3N4 was synthesized via thermal copolymerization of urea and tris(p-fluorophenyl)phosphine (TPP). FTIR and XPS spectra showed that the incorporation of TPP did not destroy the framework of g-C3N4. DFT calculation displayed that the HOMO of TPP-modified g-C3N4 (TPP-CN) came mainly from p(z) orbital of phosphorus. The change of the electronic property led to a narrowed bandgap, extended delocalization of p-electrons through benzene rings, and accelerated migration of photoexcited electrons via intramolecular charge transfer. The optimal Pt-loaded TPP-CN showed the highest rate of H-2 generation of 12.45 mmol h(-1) g(-1), 5 times of that of pure g-C3N4, and the apparent quantum efficiency of 24.9% at 420 nm. The degradation of p-chlorophenol over the optimal TPP-CN was 4 times of that of pure g-C3N4. The mechanism of photocatalytic p-chlorophenol degradation was proposed based on mass spectrometry analysis. (C) 2020 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Delta GST is an insect-specific class and a prominent class of the glutathione S-transferases family that is involved in xenobiotic detoxification and antioxidant defense. The full-length complementary DNA of delta-class GST from ...
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Delta GST is an insect-specific class and a prominent class of the glutathione S-transferases family that is involved in xenobiotic detoxification and antioxidant defense. The full-length complementary DNA of delta-class GST from Penaeus monodon (PmDeltaGST; 839 bp long with a 657 bp coding region) was cloned. The encoded polypeptide of 218 amino acids had a predicted molecular mass of 24.30 kDa. Sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis showed that PmDeltaGST was significant similarity to GST genes in crustaceans and insects. Tissue expression profile analysis by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain showed that PmDeltaGST was constitutively expressed in all the examined tissues, with the highest expression in hepatopancreas and intestine and the weakest expression in ovary. PmDeltaGST messenger RNA expression and protein levels in hepatopancreas was significantly increased at 14 days postexposure of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), keeping on the high level at 28 days, but decreased at 56 days. The results suggested that PmDeltaGST was involved in the response to AFB1 exposure.
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The aim of this paper is to provide a novel switching control design to solve finite-time stabilization issues of a discontinuous or switching dynamical system. In order to proceed with our analysis, we first design two kinds of s...
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The aim of this paper is to provide a novel switching control design to solve finite-time stabilization issues of a discontinuous or switching dynamical system. In order to proceed with our analysis, we first design two kinds of switching controllers: switching adaptive controller and switching state-feedback controller. Then, we apply the proposed switching control technique to stabilize the states of delayed memristor-based neural networks (DMNNs) in finite time. Based on a famous finite-time stability theorem, the theory of differential inclusion and the generalized Lyapunov functional method, some sufficient conditions are obtained to guarantee the finite-time stabilization control of DMNNs. The feedback functions of our model are allowed to be unbounded, and the upper bounds of the settling time for stabilization are also given. Finally, the validity of designed method and the theoretical results are illustrated by numerical examples. Published by AIP Publishing.
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